Development of Emulsion Property

Development of Emulsion Property Student’s name: Yang Jiang Abstract In recent years, emulsion has taken an important port in our life, such as cosmetic and some other cosmetic industries. The property of the emulsion has a direct impact on our daily life. This paper chose the process of produce bath gel to provide what makes the property change, how to control it and how to make it better. In technically, chose different viscosity, speed rate and concentrate to get different product. Aim to find the best one. Introduction An emulsion is formed when two more insoluble phases are blended together with one of them is in the form of liquid drop. Emulsions belong to a two-phase system ofmatter which is calledcolloids. The emulsion is generally non-transparent and inherently unstable. The diameter of drop is between 100nm to 10mm, and the size of it could be observed by an optical microscope. However in this work, an emulsion consisting of two liquids is the objective many companies and institutions tend to take advantages of. To sum up, two types of this emulsion can be formed by mixture. The one which shapes into a water-in-oil system is called W/O emulsion and another is oil-in-water system which is called O/W emulsion. Emulsion is widely used in manufacturing as a common form of formulated products, and whose properties have been studied in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and food. Some kinds of emulsion are necessities in daily life, such as: milk, ice cream, vinaigrettes, rubber, latex, crude oil emulsions and even some cutting fluids formetal working. However, an emulsion cannot be obtained easily because emulsions cannot be formed spontaneously. Energy is needed to form an emulsion through shaking, stirring, homogenizing or exposure to power ultrasound. And in this proposal, the emulsion is formed by stirring. Some mixing devices will be adopted to blend Silicon oil and water together. So it is apparent that some parameters can be fixed as constant and the others are what we are interested in to investigate. A number of the physicochemical properties of emulsions can only be understood with reference to their dynamic nature. Many properties depend on the volume fraction of both phases and the type of emulsifier present. Because of the low solubility of oil in water it is usually assumed that the oil in an emulsion droplet is isolated from that in neighboring droplets. Emulsion stability refers to as the ability of resisting change in its properties over time. Coalescence happens when droplets crash into each other and combine to form a larger droplet, so the mean droplet size increases over time. Emulsions can also undergocreaming, in which the droplets rise to the top of the emulsion. In order to keep the emulsion stability, an appropriate surface active agent should be decided to add into the system to increase the kinetic stability of an emulsion so that the size of the droplets keep unchangeable significantly with time. The emulsions produced by dispersion of a liquid into another insoluble liquid is an aspect of great benefits in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. Present industrial methods applied in emulsification processes have been fully developed and studied. For example, rotor stator devices, and static mixers techniques are well-accepted as important ways of producing small droplets but with another side effects on the liquids, bringing potential hazards to the properties of compounds. It has been proved by plenty of researchers that droplet size is one factor of the most difficult ones to control because some instability phases will be produced among this during the controlling process. Rotor-stator mixers are usually used for processing of disperse/break solid particles and aggregates and also to colloidal liquid-liquid systems. Such as cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, health care products and many other industries. As the drop size affects the processing and the properties of the products in the emulsification. The mechanisms that break the drops is the key for design process. Rotor and stator are the two main mechanisms which can break drops in rotor-stator devices. For emulsification, the industrial processing and some of the product properties are influenced by the drop size. In a two-phase process, the mass transfer rate is proportional to the interfacial area between the two phases. The drop size distribution is varied with the conditions inside the vessel and the length of mixing time and thus the interfacial area is changed with it. Hence successful processing steps are designed by establishing deep understanding of the mechanism of drop breakup. In general, two competing theories have been proved on drop breakup mechanisms to give a good explanation to this phenomenon. So one theory shows that droplet breakup is produced by turbulent eddies (energy dissipation rate) and another is due to the agitator shear rate. Another widely used mixing device: static mixers, which are also called motionless mixers, have become standard equipment in the process industries. Their application in continuous processes is a good choice to traditional agitation because generally better performance can be obtained with this device at lower cost. There are also some other kinds of mixing devices such as CSTR and batch reactor. But according to the cost, property of the emulsion, the conditions in the lab and many other factors I chose rotor-stator mixer as the agitator. The working principle of rotor-stator mixture is shown as below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Basic principle of rotor – stator mixture when running In this essay, comparing different emulsion got from different conditions of the mixing due to different conditions of mixing have a direct result that the droplet size changed. The property of the emulsion is influenced by the droplet size. The viscosity and storage modulus of W/O and O/W fine concentrated emulsions were increased by the reduction of droplet size. And the shear-thinning effects got stronger in the fine emulsions As silicon oil is the resource which is manly used in cosmetics. How bath gel be different by the different size of droplet is the main purpose. As the rheology of emulsion is influenced by the droplet size, various of bath gel might be produced with different property. Background 3.1Theory 3.2. Literature review There have been a large amount of methods of producing polymer emulsions in industrial manufacturing. One of the mainly way of them is emulsion polymerization. Emulsion polymerization has large polymer relative molecular mass, fast reaction rate, low pollution and the equipment and technology with which to produce the emulsion products is easy to get and operated in generation. Recently, more and more scientists have focused on this area. Many factors have an important influence on both yield and quality of the polymerization product in the process of emulsion polymerization, such as the type and concentration of emulsifier, the sorts and concentration of initiator, the intensity of stirring, reaction temperature, the category and concentration of electrolyte and some other technological parameters. Emulsion polymerization system is a multiphase system, the effect of stirring turn the monomer into droplet separately, which is good for heat transfer and mass transfer. And keep the system mixing, constant temperature, avoid from local overheating. The yield and quality of the emulsion polymer are controlled by stir directly. Many scholars carried out extensive research on the influence of the mixing of emulsion polymerization. Such as Shunmukhan et al, Omi et al, Nomura et al who had studied the effects of mixing on low solid content of the emulsion. Vanderhoff, M. Zubitor, S. Oprea et al, Matejicek et al who has studied the effects of mixing on high solid content emulsion polymerization (> 50%).This paper elaborated how the mixing effects on the quality of products. Influence of the style of agitator on polymerization The production capacity of reactor, the quality of product and the accident caused by cooling or heating are all related to the type of agitator. Shearing action, circulating mode and the mixed-ability which were generated by mixing are given by the specific style of agitator. And so does the state of macro-flow. 3 factors should be considered when selecting the style of agitator: 1. High heat transfer coefficient should be ensure from the reactor wall or Immersion coil to the reactants; 2. An obvious effect should be provided in the stirring; 3. Low consumption of energy in the stirring. Therefore, in the process of emulsion polymerization, especially for the industrialized production, we should find out the most appropriate style of agitator by strengthen the research about the relation between mixer and emulsion polymerization. Influence of mixing intensity on the emulsion polymerization 2.1 The influence of mixing intensity on latex particle size In the process of emulsion polymerization, mixing intensity has a direct impact on the latex particle size. With the revolution of mixing higher, monomer was divided into smaller beads, the surface area of monomer droplet was larger per cubic centimeter of water, the amount of emulgator adsorbed on the surface was increased, the numbers of micelle were reduced per cubic centimeter of water, the rate of nucleation decreased in phase 1, so does the emulsion grains generated, if the initial monomer amount is fixed, the particle size of latex increases. With the increase of stirring intensity, latex particle size also increases in the process of semi-continuous emulsion polymerization are analyzed and verified by M. Zubitur et al, S. Opera. And they further points out that the stirring intensity also affect the nucleation mechanism: under the low intensity, the micellar nucleation and monomer droplet nucleation were presented. And the distribution of particle size is unimodal features. T herefore, in the emulsion polymerization, the diameter of latex particle is related to the number of latex particle, with the increase of stirring intensity, the number of latex particle decreased, the diameter of latex particle increased, vice versa. 2.2 The influence of mixing intensity on the stability of emulsion Emulsion stability is one of the most valuable properties in researches involving emulsions concerned by numerous scientists. The influence of stirring intensity on the emulsion stability is mainly manifested in polymerization stability. During the process of emulsion polymerization, droplet condensation may happen raised by coalescence of latex particles within the emulsion, as a result of the loss of polymer emulsion stability. In other cases, during the emulsion polymerization, the condensate may deposit on the reactor components which are accumulated in a thick layer. This is one kind of phenomenon of gel. These phenomena may make the color of emulsion fade away, delicate feeling disappear, affecting the quality of the product seriously. Stability of high solid content emulsion has two important areas which should be concentrated on to investigate further. On one hand, with an increase in stirring intensity and collision frequency, the emulsion stability which plays an important role in manufacturing products will be decreased. On the other hand, due to the solid content increased inside the emulsion, and the high emulsion viscosity, the emulsion stability in the heat transfer process impact much on the quality of emulsion products. Especially when the mixing intensity is too high, the material internal shearing action is too frequent; the stability of the emulsion polymerization is easy to destroy so finding some methods to keep its stability should be paid special attention to control the mixing intensity. In  pharmaceutics,  hairstyling,  personal hygiene, and  cosmetics, emulsions are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on the  pharmaceutical formulation. These emulsions may be called  creams,  ointments,  liniments  (balms),  pastes,  films, or  liquids, depending mostly on their oil-to-water ratios, other additives, and their intended  route of administration.[10][11]The first 5 are  topical  dosage forms, and may be used on the surface of the  skin,  transdermally,  ophthalmically,  rectally, or  vaginally. A highly liquid emulsion may also be used  orally, or may be  injected  in some cases.[10]Popular medications occurring in emulsion form include  calamine lotion,  cod liver oil,Polysporin,cortisolcream,Canesten, andFleet. Microemulsions are used to deliver  vaccinesand kill  microbes.[12]Typical emulsions used in these techniques are nanoemulsions of  soybean oil, with particles that are 400-600nm in diameter.[13]The process is not chemical, as with other types of  antimicrobial  treatments, but mechanical. The smaller the droplet the greater the  surface tension  and thus the greater the force required to merge with other  lipids. The oil is emulsified with detergents using a  high-shear mixer  to stabilize the emulsion so, when they encounter the lipids in the  cell membrane  or envelope of  bacteria  or  viruses, they force the lipids to merge with themselves. On a mass scale, in effect this disintegrates the membrane and kills the pathogen. The soybean oil emulsion does not harm normal human cells, or the cells of most other  higher organisms, with the exceptions of  sperm cells  and  blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures. For this reason, these nanoemulsions are not currently used  intravenously  (IV). The most effective application of this type of nanoemulsion is for the  disinfection  of  surfaces. Some types of nanoemulsions have been shown to effectively destroy  HIV-1  and  tuberculosis  pathogens on non-porous  surfaces. Objectives 3.3.1 In this experiment, the first objective is to find the relationship of drop size and stirring intensity. In most cases, an increase in stirring intensity will cause an decrease in the size of every droplet inside of the oil-in-water emulsion. In order to keep the stability of the system, a fixed concentration of surfactant (SLES) will be added in each experiment to keep a balance between the forces in both directions. Furthermore, the quantity of SLES used in every system should be kept the same. Besides, the time for this kind of experiments is not enough to carry out all, so only one type of the agitator will be investigated. Therefore, the parameters which can be changed are the speed of the agitator, the oil viscosity and different time intervals. The second objective is to link droplet size to the viscosity of oil. Different concentration and viscosity of oil may render the emulsion system unstable with respect to time, because different oil viscosity means different Reynolds number showing different flow regime that the emulsion is. And thus the other important properties of the emulsion should be affected by the mean viscosity of the oil phase and water phase. The third objective is to investigate the effect of concentration of aqueous phase have on the droplet size. At the same time, the mixing time can influence the size of the oil droplet and its distribution. So that is another meaningful point to investigate. Methodology Viscosity of the oil is: 10, 1000,12500and 30000 cSt. The agitator rotor can run from 10000 to 20000 RPMs for a rotor stator system. Resources requirements Laboratory Safety The author has attended an introduction about health and safety and will obey all rules in the lab. While working with lots of harmful chemicals, I have read the instruction of chemical use which provides some vital information in case of emergency. All the cutters using by stirring operations must be assessed before use. Lab coat, safety glasses and nitrile rubber gloves should be dressed in case of potential danger. I have been working safety in the lab for about half a year in my college and I claim that I have known what I should do for emergent situation and decrease the degree of danger to the least. Work plan Beneficiaries References

Gender and Socialization Essay

The main purpose of this paper is to focus on gender socialization. Human beings that belong to different societies have varied perceptions, opinions, and manners toward socializing with the same or opposite sex. Categorized in the main gender types, male and female are known to react in different ways when given and exposed in the same situation. Regardless of cultural norms or mores of any society in particular, interaction with peers, family, classmates, and other people depend on the male’s and female’s orientation in gender socialization and gender roles. Some concepts attempt to explain the gender issues faced by the two gender types. These attributions of concepts then play an important role in understanding the different societies’ construct of their existing mechanisms of gender roles and expectations including the societies’ gender markers as determinants of sex and gender (SparkNotes, 2008). Gender Socialization Gender and socialization are two different terms that have a relationship with each other. Gender refers to the behavioral characteristics of an individual regarding an individual’s essence of womanhood or manhood, masculinity or femininity, while socialization refers to the social and interpersonal instincts of human in interacting, communicating, and dealing with others. A newborn infant for instance, may be oriented towards its gender by its first experience of socialization after being born. The infant may be more exposed to male socialization rather than female socialization or vice versa which would later on affect the behavior of the infant while growing up. Another example is the way parents choose what the appropriate toy is to be played by their sons and daughters. Usually, parents buy their baby girl a mini-kitchen or ironing set to orient them (however, it is subconscious for the parents’ part) with the future maternal role. For the baby boy’s part, they are usually given toy trucks or tools for various chores in the house for the same underlying purpose. Moreover, upon receiving the presents, the girls usually react more appreciative and smiling than the boys. The essence of gender socialization then, is for the infants to learn the behavior appropriate for their designated sexes (SparkNotes, 2008). Reaction By the time an infant reaches ten months after the day of birth, gender socialization is already executed through the infant’s interaction with the environment, its family members, and caretakers. This is the time when the infant starts to identify him- or herself in either of the two sexes: male or female. Thus, this is also the time for newborn infants to associate the specific gender roles (the attributes and behavior that the culture constructively defines) that are appropriate for their sex and gender. Later in the life of infants, the effects of the previous experience in gender orientation would reflect in their current behavior. Meanwhile, I should say from personal experience that I was mostly given a Barbie doll for Christmas or birthday present. In so doing, I grew up to become a very neat lady who has the taste for fashion and luxury Further, I attribute the idea that I have become a fashionable and finesse lady to my previous hobby of playing, dressing and undressing my Barbie doll (SparkNotes, 2008). Conclusion Gender socialization teaches the infants that would grow as adults the appropriate roles defined by culture and behaviors that are expected of them by the society. Submission to the expectations of the culture and society is important, as every living individual has to interact with others in whatever society he or she belongs to in order to survive and attain a sense of belongingness. Family, peer groups, school, mass media, and some texts play a part in honing this cultured set of beliefs regarding the appropriate roles and expected behaviors for men and women. Men who are accustomed to playing tough games in their childhood result to be future tough guys and women are the opposite. Reference SparkNotes. (2008). Gender socialization. In SparkNotes 101: Sociology. Retrieved December 9, 2008 from http://www. sparknotes. com/101/sociology/socialization/gender_socialization. html.

Eliot Ness The Agent who Brought Down Al Capone

Eliot Ness (April 19, 1903 - May 16, 1957) was a U.S. special agent in charge of enforcing prohibition in Chicago, IL. He is best known for leading a squad of special agents, nicknamed â€Å"The Untouchables,† which was responsible for the capture, arrest, and ultimate incarceration of Italian mobster Al Capone. Fast Facts: Eliot Ness Known For: Special agent in charge of investigating organized crime and bootlegging in ChicagoBorn: April 19, 1903, in Chicago, ILDied: May 16, 1957, in Coudersport, PAEducation: The University of Chicago BA and MAKey Accomplishments: Spearheaded the investigation that helped bring down Al Capone on counts of tax fraudSpouse: Edna Staley (1929-1938), Evaline Michelow (1939 to 1945), Elisabeth Andersen Seaver (1946-1957)Children: Robert Ness Ness was born in the â€Å"Crime Capital of the World,† Chicago, IL, the youngest of five children. Later in life, he attended the University of Chicago where he earned his Bachelors Degree studying law, business and economics. He also obtained a Masters in criminology from the University of Chicago. Career in Chicago With help from his brother-in-law who worked in Chicago’s prohibition office, Eliot Ness began his career in 1926 when he became an agent in the Prohibition Unit of the Treasury Department. The 18th amendment, which outlawed the consumption of alcohol, spurred a growth in organized crime as bootleggers made fortunes illegally selling alcohol. In Chicago, organized crime and bootlegging were rampant, and one particularly notorious mob boss was the gangster Al Capone. Even with over 3,000 police officers and agents, Chicago’s authorities were rarely able to convict bootleggers. Members of law enforcement protected many of the crime bosses, and deep-rooted bribery and corruption schemes had turned Chicago into become one of the most crime-ridden cities in the United States by the 1920s. FBI Agent Eliot Ness Seated At Desk, c. 1930. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In 1928, Ness was called to join a special squad of agents investigating organized crime specifically. The U.S. government at the time dubbed the mafia one of the greatest domestic threats, which is also why, in 1930, the Prohibition Unit was transferred to the authority of the Department of Justice. A greater emphasis was placed on apprehending the major crime bosses and curtailing the power of organized crime syndicates in American cities. The Untouchables Target Capone Two years later, in 1930, Ness was tasked with creating a special team, dubbed â€Å"The Untouchables,† to investigate Al Capone. This task force was limited in its members and rarely had more than 11 men working on the team at once. Ness believed this small circle of investigators would remain free of the corruption that breached most the larger government agencies. The Untouchables conducted multiple public raids and alerted the media to them in order to increase the pressure on Capone. A popular story goes that an associate of Capone once offered Ness $2,000 a week to turn the other way and curtail the raids, but Ness refused. Though Ness and his team compiled evidence of over 5,000 counts of bootlegging by Al Capone, the U.S. District Attorney George E. Q. Johnson argued that a jury would not convict on these charges because prohibition was so unpopular. Instead, the attorney, along with investigators for the IRS convicted Capone of tax evasion and sentenced him to 11 years in a federal prison. Cincinnati and Cleveland Though much of Ness’s notoriety is due to his career in Chicago, he continued on to work in the Cincinnati Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). When prohibition ended in December 1933, the nation did not have the infrastructure and politics to handle a legal liquor market. Large underground distilleries remained in business which also maintained the power of organized crime syndicates in major cities across the U.S. Finally, Ness’s hardline policies had the support of the public as the ATF aimed to quell the violence that resulted from the gang violence over control of the distilleries. As the Special Agent in Charge of the Cincinnati Bureau of the ATF, he raided a litany of these distilleries that were robbing the U.S. government of hundreds of thousands of dollars in alcohol taxes. In 1935 Ness moved his career to Cleveland, Ohio where he became the Cleveland Public Safety Director. He spearheaded campaigns to end corruption in the police force and quell gang violence. He also implemented programs to keep younger children out of gangs by building recreation centers and providing vocational training. This method of law enforcement, communicating with the gangs and providing community support, later became a more widely practiced method of curtailing organized crime. As a result, Ness was initially celebrated in Cleveland for his ability to curb street violence and reform corruption in the government bureaucracies. However, his career stumbled with his handling of the Cleveland Torso Killer, also known as the Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run, who murdered and dismembered 12 people in the 1930s. Because most of the attacks were centered in one of the city’s shantytowns, Ness took the men of the town into custody and burned the shanty town to the ground. His actions were seen as unnecessarily cruel and the Torso Killer was never caught, but he did not strike again either. Later Life and Death Ness moved to Cleveland with his then third wife Elisabeth Seaver where he worked in a federal agency which sought to decrease the amount of sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S. military. Soon after, he moved back to Cleveland where he unsuccessfully ran for mayor in 1947. Eventually, he had to resort to taking odd jobs to support himself. Ness died from a heart attack on May 16, 1957, and died in his home in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. Legacy Though Ness received little notoriety during his lifetime, shortly after his death he became an important figure in law enforcement history. A book, The Untouchables, was released only a month after his death and followed his work in incarcerating Al Capone. This led to a series of movies and shows inspired by Eliot Ness, many of which painted him as a 007-type agent who single-handedly ended gang violence in Chicago. Regardless of the Hollywood exaggerations of his story, Eliot Ness’s legacy remains that of a pioneer in law enforcement who successfully combated organized crime in some of the nations most gang-ridden cities. Sources â€Å"Al Capone.†Ã‚  FBI, FBI, 20 July 2016, www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/al-capone.â€Å"Eliot Ness.†Ã‚  Brady Law | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, www.atf.gov/our-history/eliot-ness.Perry, Douglas.  Eliot Ness: The Rise and Fall of an American Hero. Penguin Books, 2015.

The History Of The United States And Forever Changed The...

Erastus â€Å"Deaf† Smith I chose to write this essay on a famous deaf person that completely changed the history of the United States and forever changed the history of the state of Texas. This Deaf man could moreover be singly part of the only reason the Texans do not speak fluent Spanish as their first language that was born in the early part of 18th century. The reason I chose this individual is because of my intrigue of American history, moreover, through my research I found that he introduced a fine stock of Muley (meaning hornless) cattle from Louisiana to the San Antonio area, where the Longhorn breed was previously popular. My intent of this paper is to bring the history of an extraordinary Deaf man to light with his trials and triumphs. Erastus â€Å"Deaf† Smith was born April 19th,1787 In New York. From his birth or a childhood illness, Deaf Smith experienced a partial hearing loss. It is believed that his birth was breech and from that he suffered a lifetime of health issues and fragility. With his health problems among them he suffered was severe lung problems most likely tuberculosis. Smith moved to Mississippi in 1817 and then to Texas in 1821. During the time of his move to Mississippi and permanency in the state of Texas, his health improved most likely from the change in the climates. Smith also had the belief that eating skunk was a reason for his health improvement. After Smith had settled into New Dewitt Colony near Gonzalez, Texas. He married MexicanShow MoreRelatedThe Lone Star Nation1442 Words   |  6 Pagesstar state forever. Specific Texan heroes Stephen Austin who founded Texas, along with Sam Houston who led the Texas army and who was the governor. William Travis and his love for Rosanna was discovered while James Bowie, and David Crockett stood up and fought for the Alamo. 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